If you are looking to hash passwords so users can login to a web interface, you probably want the function hash() function http://us.php.net/manual/en/function.hash.php with something like SHA256 or SHA512 for good security.
This crypt function is a relic of old style Unix password authentication and does weird stuff like prepend the salt to the hash, which isn't very handy.
crypt
(PHP 4, PHP 5)
crypt — Hashing de una sola vía de un string
Descripción
$str
[, string $salt
] )crypt() devolverá el hash de un string utilizando el algoritmo basado en DES estándar de Unix o algoritmos alternativos que puedan estar disponibles en el sistema.
Algunos sistemas operativos soportan más de un tipo de hash. De
hecho, a veces el algoritmo estándar DES es sustituído por un
algoritmo basado en MD5. El tipo de hash se dispara mediante el argumento salt.
Antes de 5.3, PHP determinaría los algoritmos disponibles en el momento de la instalación,
basado en el crypt() del sistema. Si no se proporciona salt, PHP intentará
auto-generar ya sea un salt estándar de dos caracteres (DES) o uno de doce
caracteres (MD5), dependiendo de la disponibilidad del crypt() de MD5. PHP establece una
constante llamada CRYPT_SALT_LENGTH la cual indica la
mayor longitud válida de salt permitida por los hash disponibles.
El crypt() estándar basado en DES devuelve el
salt como los primeros dos caracteres de la salida. También utiliza solamente los
primeros ocho caracteres de str, así que strings más largos
que inicien con los mismos ocho caracteres, generarán el mismo resultado
(cuando se utiliza el mismo salt).
En sistemas donde la función crypt() soporta múltiples tipos de hash, las siguientes contantes se establecen en 0 ó 1 dependiendo de que si el tipo dado está disponible:
-
CRYPT_STD_DES- Hash estándar basado en DES con un salt de dos caracteres del alfabeto "./0-9A-Za-z". Utilizar caracteres no válidos en el salt causará que crypt() falle. -
CRYPT_EXT_DES- Hash extendido basado en DES. El "salt" es un string de 9 caracteres que consiste en un guión bajo seguido de 4 bytes del conteo de iteraciones y 4 bytes del salt. Estos están codificados como caracteres imprimibles, 6 bits por caracter, por lo menos, el carácter significativo primero. Los valores del 0 al 63 son codificados como "./0-9A-Za-z". Utilizar caracteres no válidos en el salt causará que crypt() falle. -
CRYPT_MD5- Hash MD5 con un salt de doce caracteres comenzando con $1$ -
CRYPT_BLOWFISH- Hash Blowfish con un salt como sigue: "$2a$", un parámetro de costo de dos dígitos, "$" y 22 dígitos del alfabeto "./0-9A-Za-z". Utilizar caracteres fuera de este rango en el salt causará que crypt() devuelva un string de longitud cero. Los dos dígitos del parámetro de costo es el logaritmo en base-2 del conteo de iteración para el algoritmetro hash subyacente basado en Blowfish y debe estar en el rango de 04-31, valores por fuera de este rango causarán que crypt() falle. -
CRYPT_SHA256- Hash SHA-256 con un salt de dieciséis caracteres prefijado con $5$. Si el strig del salt inicia con 'rounds=<N>$', el valor numérico de N se utiliza para indicar cuantas veces el bucle del hash se debe ejecutar, muy similar al parámetro de costo en Blowfish. El número de rondas por defecto es 5000, hay un mínimo de 1000 y un máximo de 999,999,999. Cualquier selección de N por fuera de este rango será truncada al límite más cercano. -
CRYPT_SHA512- Hash SHA-512 con un salt de dieciséis caracteres prefijado con $6$. Si el strig del salt inicia con 'rounds=<N>$', el valor numérico de N se utiliza para indicar cuantas veces el bucle del hash se debe ejecutar, muy similar al parámetro de costo en Blowfish. El número de rondas por defecto es 5000, hay un mínimo de 1000 y un máximo de 999,999,999. Cualquier selección de N por fuera de este rango será truncada al límite más cercano.
Nota:
A partir de PHP 5.3.0, PHP contiene su propia implementación y la utilizará si el sistema carece de soporte para uno o varios de los algoritmos.
Parámetros
-
str -
El string para hacerle el hash.
-
salt -
Un string opcional de salt para la base del hash. Si no se proporciona, el comportamiento se define por la aplicación del algoritmo y puede conducir a resultados inesperados.
Valores devueltos
Devuelve un string con el hash o un string que es más corto que 13 caracteres y que se garantiza que difiere del salt en caso de fallo.
Historial de cambios
| Versión | Descripción |
|---|---|
| 5.3.2 | Agregado el crypt SHA-256 y SHA-512 basado en la » implementación de Ulrich Drepper. |
| 5.3.2 | Corregido el comportamiento de Blowfish sobre rondas no válidas para devolver el string "failure" ("*0" or "*1"), en lugar de caer al DES. |
| 5.3.0 | PHP ahora contiene su propia implementación de los algoritmos MD5, DES estándar, DES extendido y Blowfish y los utilizará si el sistema carece de soporte para uno o varios de los algoritmos. |
Ejemplos
Ejemplo #1 crypt() examples
<?php
$password = crypt('mypassword'); // deja que el salt se genera automáticamente
/* Se deben pasar todos los resultados de crypt() como el salt para la comparación de una
contraseña, para evitar problemas cuando diferentes algoritmos hash son utilizados. (Como
se dice arriba, el hash estándar basado en DES utiliza un salt de 2
caracteres, pero el hash basado en MD5 utiliza 12.) */
if (crypt($user_input, $password) == $password) {
echo "Password verified!";
}
?>
Ejemplo #2 Using crypt() with htpasswd
<?php
// Establece la contraseña
$password = 'mypassword';
// Obtiene el hash, dejando que el salt sea generado be automáticamente
$hash = crypt($password);
?>
Ejemplo #3 Using crypt() with different hash types
<?php
if (CRYPT_STD_DES == 1) {
echo 'Standard DES: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', 'rl') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_EXT_DES == 1) {
echo 'Extended DES: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '_J9..rasm') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_MD5 == 1) {
echo 'MD5: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '$1$rasmusle$') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_BLOWFISH == 1) {
echo 'Blowfish: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '$2a$07$usesomesillystringforsalt$') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_SHA256 == 1) {
echo 'SHA-256: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '$5$rounds=5000$usesomesillystringforsalt$') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_SHA512 == 1) {
echo 'SHA-512: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '$6$rounds=5000$usesomesillystringforsalt$') . "\n";
}
?>
El resultado del ejemplo sería algo similar a:
Standard DES: rl.3StKT.4T8M Extended DES: _J9..rasmBYk8r9AiWNc MD5: $1$rasmusle$rISCgZzpwk3UhDidwXvin0 Blowfish: $2a$07$usesomesillystringfore2uDLvp1Ii2e./U9C8sBjqp8I90dH6hi SHA-256: $5$rounds=5000$usesomesillystri$KqJWpanXZHKq2BOB43TSaYhEWsQ1Lr5QNyPCDH/Tp.6 SHA-512: $6$rounds=5000$usesomesillystri$D4IrlXatmP7rx3P3InaxBeoomnAihCKRVQP22JZ6EY47Wc6BkroIuUUBOov1i.S5KPgErtP/EN5mcO.ChWQW21
Notas
Nota: No hay función de desencriptado, ya que crypt() utiliza un algoritmo de un solo sentido.
If you need to support older versions of PHP be aware that constants such as CRYPT_BLOWFISH may not actually be defined. So rather than following Example #3, you need a defined('CRYPT_...') call there before checking the constant's value.
This function works good for me
example :
$pass = "Hello123";
$number = rand(163245,978534);
$salt = crypto($pass,$number);
function crypto($p)
{
$number = rand(163245,978534);
$pass = crypt($p,$number);
return md5($pass);
}
return 343a4ff560ca00da5dd9e40906904daa
This function is not binary safe. Any binary string containing a NULL byte (chr(0)) will not produce a valid hash.
I made a nice little wrapper function for crypt():
<?php
function hasher($info, $encdata = false)
{
$strength = "08";
//if encrypted data is passed, check it against input ($info)
if ($encdata) {
if (substr($encdata, 0, 60) == crypt($info, "$2a$".$strength."$".substr($encdata, 60))) {
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
else {
//make a salt and hash it with input, and add salt to end
$salt = "";
for ($i = 0; $i < 22; $i++) {
$salt .= substr("./ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789", mt_rand(0, 63), 1);
}
//return 82 char string (60 char hash & 22 char salt)
return crypt($info, "$2a$".$strength."$".$salt).$salt;
}
}
?>
This wrapper will accept a string as input and hash it, and output the hash result of the string and salt together, plus the salt added on the end. You can then store that output in a db, and pass it on to the function as the 2nd parameter when you go to verify it, along with the user input or whatever as the first.
Examples:
<?php
$hash = hasher($userinput);
if ($hash == hasher($userinput, $hash) {//authed}
?>
Neat huh?
I've seen many CRYPT_BLOWFISH salt generators, but none REALLY go into the depth of it. This give you a RANDOM string of 22 characters, the string can contain ANY OF THE ALLOWED characters for the salt. I wont claim this the best solution, but this is fairly much everything you can do with a random salt generator.
<?php
public function getSalt() {
$c = explode(" ", ". / a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9");
$ks = array_rand($c, 22);
$s = "";
foreach($ks as $k) { $s .= $c[$k]; }
return $s;
}
?>
Take note that every allowed character is inside the $c variable, $s is the salt, $ks is for keys to use in salt and $k is key. There is probably a better and shorter script out there, but this is solid enough for me.
Have fun with the code.
Here is an expression to generate pseudorandom salt for the CRYPT_BLOWFISH hash type:
<?php $salt = substr(str_replace('+', '.', base64_encode(pack('N4', mt_rand(), mt_rand(), mt_rand(), mt_rand()))), 0, 22); ?>
It is intended for use on systems where mt_getrandmax() == 2147483647.
The salt created will be 128 bits in length, padded to 132 bits and then expressed in 22 base64 characters. (CRYPT_BLOWFISH only uses 128 bits for the salt, even though there are 132 bits in 22 base64 characters. If you examine the CRYPT_BLOWFISH input and output, you can see that it ignores the last four bits on input, and sets them to zero on output.)
Note that the high-order bits of the four 32-bit dwords returned by mt_rand() will always be zero (since mt_getrandmax == 2^31), so only 124 of the 128 bits will be pseudorandom. I found that acceptable for my application.
The salts for crypt() must follow the usual base64 ASCII pattern (./0-9A-Za-z only), but the payload string can contain any binary data.
Note that crypt can cause hangs on Windows OS when used with a salt. This applies only to certain circumstances.
The makesalt() function code below when used to create an MD5 salt, produces a salt with characters not typically in a salt used by operating system crypt functions. Some of these characters may have unintended side effects depending on how they are used - including the following: @ ` ~ \ | {}.
I am using the following to create MD5-Crypt hashes, (yes, I am assuming CRYPT_MD5 support is present).
<?php
function md5crypt($password){
// create a salt that ensures crypt creates an md5 hash
$base64_alphabet='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
.'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
$salt='$1$';
for($i=0; $i<9; $i++){
$salt.=$base64_alphabet[rand(0,63)];
}
// return the crypt md5 password
return crypt($password,$salt.'$');
}
?>
Two siple functions for encrypting and decrypting with RIJNDAEL 256
function RIJNDAEL_encrypt($text){
$iv_size = mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, MCRYPT_MODE_ECB);
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv($iv_size, MCRYPT_RAND);
$key = "This is a very secret key";
return base64_encode(mcrypt_encrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $key, $text, MCRYPT_MODE_ECB, $iv));
}
function RIJNDAEL_decrypt($text){
$iv_size = mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, MCRYPT_MODE_ECB);
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv($iv_size, MCRYPT_RAND);
$key = "This is a very secret key";
//I used trim to remove trailing spaces
return trim(mcrypt_decrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $key, base64_decode($text), MCRYPT_MODE_ECB, $iv));
}
//example
echo RIJNDAEL_decrypt(RIJNDAEL_encrypt('Her name was lola!'));
for me(on OpenBSD4.0+Apache 1.3(standard)+php4.3.10) blowfish seems to work if you do something like this:
if (CRYPT_BLOWFISH == 1)
{
$salt="this should really be a long line of salt";
$blowfish_salt = "\$2a\$07\$".substr($salt, 0, CRYPT_SALT_LENGTH);
echo crypt($pass, $blowfish_salt);
}
of course with $salt set as a good long salt.
I found out that you can use php:s crypt function to change the user/root password in Linux distributions (at least in Slackware).
You just have to change the encrypted password for the user in the /etc/shadow file with the output from crypt("newpassword");
Are you using Apache2 on f.i. WinXP and want to create .htpasswd files via php? Then you need to use the APR1-MD5 encryption method. Here is a function for that:
<?php
function crypt_apr1_md5($plainpasswd) {
$salt = substr(str_shuffle("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"), 0, 8);
$len = strlen($plainpasswd);
$text = $plainpasswd.'$apr1$'.$salt;
$bin = pack("H32", md5($plainpasswd.$salt.$plainpasswd));
for($i = $len; $i > 0; $i -= 16) { $text .= substr($bin, 0, min(16, $i)); }
for($i = $len; $i > 0; $i >>= 1) { $text .= ($i & 1) ? chr(0) : $plainpasswd{0}; }
$bin = pack("H32", md5($text));
for($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++) {
$new = ($i & 1) ? $plainpasswd : $bin;
if ($i % 3) $new .= $salt;
if ($i % 7) $new .= $plainpasswd;
$new .= ($i & 1) ? $bin : $plainpasswd;
$bin = pack("H32", md5($new));
}
for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
$k = $i + 6;
$j = $i + 12;
if ($j == 16) $j = 5;
$tmp = $bin[$i].$bin[$k].$bin[$j].$tmp;
}
$tmp = chr(0).chr(0).$bin[11].$tmp;
$tmp = strtr(strrev(substr(base64_encode($tmp), 2)),
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/",
"./0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz");
return "$"."apr1"."$".$salt."$".$tmp;
}
?>
Blowfish doesn't use a sixteen character salt, it uses sixteen *bytes* of salt. So (courtesy of the docs for the Crypt::Eksblowfish::Bcrypt Perl module), it's:
"$2", optional "a", "$", two digits, "$", and 22 base 64 digits
If the salt is not long enough, crypt will return "*0" and you will have no idea what is wrong. Interestingly, the example in the documentation with a trailing '$' in the salt does not work. Replace the '$' with a '.', and the output appears as advertised.
I had problems with ENCRYPT MySQL function when i tried to compare with the encrypted password (with ENCRYPT).
Another solution i read from "UNIX Advanced programming" where i found about the UNIX system call "crypt()":
Password="tB" //The two first letters of encrypted password
SELECT password from users where Password=ENCRYPT('".$_POST['password']."',Password)
mysql> select password from users where password=encrypt('pasword','tB');
+---------------+
| password |
+---------------+
| tBY8OVuabSiTU |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
Bye.
> topace at lightbox dot org
> 22-Sep-2005 06:34
>
> To authenticate against a stored crypt in MySQL, simply use:
>
> SELECT ................
> AND Password=ENCRYPT('".$_POST['password']."',Password)
With different password hashing methods supported on different systems and with the need to generate salts with your own PHP code in order to use the more advanced / more secure methods, it takes special knowledge to use crypt() optimally, producing strong password hashes. Other message digest / hashing functions supported by PHP, such as md5() and sha1(), are really no good for password hashing if used naively, resulting in hashes which may be brute-forced at rates much higher than those possible for hashes produced by crypt().
I have implemented a PHP password hashing framework (in PHP, tested with all of PHP 3, 4, and 5) which hides the complexity from your PHP applications (no need for you to worry about salts, etc.), yet does things in almost the best way possible given the constraints of the available functions. The homepage for the framework is:
http://www.openwall.com/phpass/
I have placed this code in the public domain, so there are no copyrights or licensing restrictions to worry about.
P.S. I have 10 years of experience in password (in)security and I've developed several other password security tools and libraries. So most people can feel confident they're getting this done better by using my framework than they could have done it on their own.
WRONG:
$mypassword = "toto";
$smd5_pass = "{SMD5}......." // in openldap
if (preg_match ("/{SMD5}/i", $smd5_pass))
{
$encrypted = substr($md5_pass, 6);
$hash = base64_decode($encrypted);
$salt = substr($hash,16);
$mhashed = mhash(MHASH_MD5, $mypassword . $salt) ;
$without_salt = explode($salt,$hash_hex);
if ($without_salt[0] == $mhashed) {
echo "Password verified <br>";
} else {
echo "Password Not verified<br>";
}
}
$without_salt = explode($salt,$hash_hex); should be $without_salt = explode($salt,$hash);
RIGHT:
$mypassword = "toto";
$smd5_pass = "{SMD5}......." // in openldap
if (preg_match ("/{SMD5}/i", $smd5_pass))
{
$encrypted = substr($md5_pass, 6);
$hash = base64_decode($encrypted);
$salt = substr($hash,16);
$mhashed = mhash(MHASH_MD5, $mypassword . $salt) ;
$without_salt = explode($salt,$hash);
if ($without_salt[0] == $mhashed) {
echo "Password verified <br>";
} else {
echo "Password Not verified<br>";
}
}
cleaner version of shadow() and with more ascii chars
<?php
function shadow ($input){
for ($n = 0; $n < 9; $n++){
$s .= chr(rand(64,126));
}
$seed = "$1$".$s."$";
$return = crypt($input,$seed);
return $return;
}
>
Here's a little function I wrote to generate MD5 password hashes in the format they're found in /etc/shadow:
function shadow($password)
{
$hash = '';
for($i=0;$i<8;$i++)
{
$j = mt_rand(0,53);
if($j<26)$hash .= chr(rand(65,90));
else if($j<52)$hash .= chr(rand(97,122));
else if($j<53)$hash .= '.';
else $hash .= '/';
}
return crypt($password,'$1$'.$hash.'$');
}
I've written this so that each character in the a-zA-Z./ set has a 1/54 of a chance of being selected (26 + 26 + 2 = 54), thus being statistically even.
Text_Password allows one to create pronounceable and unpronounceable passwords.
http://pear.php.net/package/text_password
